Definition and Examples of Deep Structure in Grammar

In transformational and generative grammar, deep structure (also known as  deep grammar  or  D-structure)  is the underlying syntactic structure—or level—of a sentence. In contrast to surface structure (the outward form of a sentence), deep structure is an abstract representation that identifies the ways a sentence can be analyzed and interpreted. Deep structures are generated by phrase-structure rules, and surface structures are derived from deep structures by a series of transformations. According to  the Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar  (2014): Deep and surface structure are often used as terms in a simple binary opposition, with the deep structure representing meaning, and the surface structure being the actual sentence we see. The terms deep structure and surface structure were popularized in the 1960s and 70s by American linguist Noam Chomsky, who eventually discarded the concepts in his minimalist program in the 1990s.   Properties of Deep Structure Deep structure  is a level of syntactic representation with a number of properties that need not necessarily go together. Four important properties of deep structure are: Major grammatical relations, such as  subject  of  and  object  of, are defined at deep structure.All  lexical  insertion occurs at deep structure.All transformations occur after deep structure.Semantic  interpretation occurs at deep structure. The question of whether there is a single level of representation with these properties was the most debated question in  generative grammar  following the publication of  Aspects  [of the Theory of Syntax 1965]. One part of the debate focused on whether transformations preserve meaning. – Alan Garnham,  Psycholinguistics: Central Topics. Psychology Press, 1985 Examples and Observations [Noam] Chomsky had identified a basic grammatical structure in Syntactic Structures [1957] that he referred to as kernel sentences. Reflecting mentalese, kernel sentences were where words and meaning first appeared in the complex cognitive process that resulted in an utterance. In [Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, 1965], Chomsky abandoned the notion of kernel sentences and identified the underlying constituents of sentences as deep structure. The deep structure was versatile insofar as it accounted for meaning and provided the basis for transformations that turned deep structure into surface structure, which represented what we actually hear or read. Transformation rules, therefore, connected deep structure and surface structure, meaning and syntax. – James D. Williams, The Teachers Grammar Book. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999 [Deep structure is a] representation of the syntax of a sentence distinguished by varying criteria from its surface structure. E.g. in the surface structure of Children are hard to please, the subject is children and the infinitive to please is the complement of hard. But in its deep structure, as it was understood especially in the early 1970s, is hard would have as its subject a subordinate sentence in which children is the object of please: thus, in outline [please children] is hard. – P.H. Matthews, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2007 ​Evolving Perspectives on Deep Structure The remarkable first chapter of Noam Chomskys Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965) set the agenda for everything that has happened in generative linguistics since. Three theoretical pillars support the enterprise: mentalism, combinatoriality, and acquisition... A fourth major point of Aspects, and the one that attracted most attention from the wider public, concerned the notion of Deep Structure. A basic claim of the 1965 version of generative grammar was that in addition to the surface form of sentences (the form we hear), there is another level of syntactic structure, called Deep Structure, which expresses underlying syntactic regularities of sentences. For instance, a passive sentence like (1a) was claimed to have a Deep Structure in which the noun phrases are in the order of the corresponding active (1b): (1a) The bear was chased by the lion.(1b) The lion chased the bear. Similarly, a question such as (2a) was claimed to have a Deep Structure closely resembling that of the corresponding declarative (2b): (2a) Which martini did Harry drink?(2b) Harry drank that martini. ...Following a hypothesis first proposed by Katz and Postal (1964), Aspects made the striking claim that the relevant level of syntax for determining meaning is Deep Structure. In its weakest version, this claim was only that regularities of meaning are most directly encoded in Deep Structure, and this can be seen in (1) and (2). However, the claim was sometimes taken to imply much more: that Deep Structure is meaning, an interpretation that Chomsky did not at first discourage. And this was the part of generative linguistics that got everyone really excited—for if the techniques of transformational grammar could lead us to meaning, we would be in a position to uncover the nature of human thought... When the dust of the ensuing linguistic wars cleared around 1973 . . ., Chomsky had won (as usual)—but with a twist: he no longer claimed that Deep Structure was the sole level that determines meaning (Chomsky 1972). Then, with the battle over, he turned his attention, not to meaning, but to relatively technical constraints on movement transformations (e.g. Chomsky 1973, 1977). – Ray Jackendoff, Language, Consciousness, Culture: Essays on Mental Structure. MIT Press, 2007 Surface Structure and Deep Structure in a Sentence [Consider] the final sentence of [Joseph Conrads short story] The Secret Sharer: Walking to the taffrail, I was in time to make out, on the very edge of a darkness thrown by a towering black mass like the very gateway of Erebus—yes, I was in time to catch an evanescent glimpse of my white hat left behind to mark the spot where the secret sharer of my cabin and of my thoughts, as though he were my second self, had lowered himself into the water to take his punishment: a free man, a proud swimmer striking out for a new destiny. I hope others will agree that the sentence justly represents its author: that it portrays a mind energetically stretching to subdue a dazzling experience outside the self, in a way that has innumerable counterparts elsewhere. How does scrutiny of the deep structure support this intuition? First, notice a matter of emphasis, of rhetoric. The matrix sentence, which lends a surface form to the whole, is # S # I was in time # S # (repeated twice). The embedded sentences that complete it are I walked to the taffrail, I made out NP, and I caught NP. The point of departure, then, is the narrator himself: where he was, what he did, what he saw. But a glance at the deep structure will explain why one feels a quite different emphasis in the sentence as a whole: seven of the embedded sentences have sharer as grammatical subjects; in another three the subject is a noun linked to sharer by the copula; in two sharer is direct object; and in two more share is the verb. Thus thirteen sentences go to the semantic development of sharer as follows: The secret sharer had lowered the secret sharer into the water.The secret sharer took his punishment.The secret sharer swam.The secret sharer was a swimmer.The swimmer was proud.The swimmer struck out for a new destiny.The secret sharer was a man.The man was free.The secret sharer was my secret self.The secret sharer had (it).(Someone) punished the secret sharer.(Someone) shared my cabin.(Someone) shared my thoughts. In a fundamental way, the sentence is mainly about Leggatt, although the surface structure indicates otherwise... [The] progression in the deep structure rather precisely mirrors both the rhetorical movement of the sentence from the narrator to Leggatt via the hat that links them, and the thematic effect of the sentence, which is to transfer Leggatts experience to the narrator via the narrators vicarious and actual participation in it. Here I shall leave this abbreviated rhetorical analysis, with a cautionary word: I do not mean to suggest that only an examination of deep structure reveals Conrads skillful emphasis—on the contrary, such an examination supports and in a sense explains what any careful reader of the story notices. – Richard M. Ohmann, Literature as Sentences. College English, 1966. Reprinted in Essays in Stylistic Analysis, ed. by Howard S. Babb. Harcourt, 1972

Essay Geographic Factors that Influenced U.S Government...

Geographic factors often influence United States government actions, both foreign and domestic. Some of these factors include location, physical environment, movement of people, climate, and resources. Although these geographic factors can lead to increase in our countries land size and some positive outcomes, there are also chances for negative outcomes. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One action taken by the United States government that was influenced by geographic factors was the Louisiana Purchase. There were many historical circumstances that resulted in the government’s action. Louisiana was originally owned by the French until France sold it to the United States. Thomas Jefferson bought Louisiana in 1803. The influence of this†¦show more content†¦This led to the Missouri Compromise which made sure that when new states were added to the country, there was an equal amount of slave and free states. The purchase also increased trade with other nations because there were more useful resources and access to rivers and fertile land helped create necessary items to trade. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another action taken by the United States government that was influenced by geographic factors was the Interstate Highway Act. The causes of this act were from when soldiers came home from World War 2 and for people who wanted nice safe homes to live and raise families. The influence of this act led people to move to the suburbs. A lot of farmland was turned into housing. These houses and places to live were made to keep people safe and have a fun easy way of life where jobs were still available. This had major impacts on the United States. It led to a major increase in economy because a lot of consumerism was taking place. Places like malls were made and there was a big increase in demands for Televisions and cars. Especially cars because some people still had jobs in the city and everything wasn’t always in walking distance anymore. This also led to the white flight. The white flight was when a great amount of white people and families moved to the s uburbs to be away from minorities and to bring their children up in a better environment. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These actions taken by theShow MoreRelatedThe Scopes Trial Was Caused By Political Factors1800 Words   |  8 Pageshow the law favored those who acclaimed the bible. The conviction of John Scopes in the Scopes Trial was caused by political factors like the laws passed and the trial itself, the geographic factors such as the location also known as the Bible Belt and lastly the primary factor is social factors, such as religious beliefs. Politics influenced the conviction. Political factors include laws, the trial, and the court. 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Lymphedema Free Essays

Lymphoma Lymphoma is known as lymphatic obstruction, this condition can and will cause fluid retention and tissue swelling. This is caused by a compromised lymphatic system. The 1st incident of lymphoma noted on the records was by Sir William Osler for William Mildly, an American physician, who described a case in 1892, though It was first described by Rudolf Birch In 1863. We will write a custom essay sample on Lymphedema or any similar topic only for you Order Now It Is also known as Mildly disease, None-Mildly-Image syndrome and hereditary lymphoma. In later years any other causes were found such as cancer surgery where nodes were removed resulting In the term secondary lymphoma. In the last few years with genetic testing we have found mixed deemed such as the person who has the genetic tendency for lymphoma but didn’t have It In childhood but who had trauma or surgery and developed It later In life, which Is a primary lymphoma patient with secondary causes Lymphoma Is something I have come well familiar with due to my boyfriend has primary Allemande. He was diagnosed -In 2007 but for 4 years no one knows what was wrong with him. Now that he has been diagnosed we are working to control the fluid and the growth. With his condition it has affected his left leg. This condition has changed his whole life. He had to change his diet, clothing, his fluid intake, travel and even his soap. This is a condition that he may have to live with the rest of his life. I say may b/c I believe there will be a cure or if not a cure and plan to protect this condition from taking over the body the way it does. With having Lymphoma you need to do therapy at least 3-5 days a week depends on what your Doctor puts you on. Therapy consist of massaging the lymph nodes starting from the neck to the shoulders to under the breast to the armpit down to the waist to groin to the inner to outside portion of the thighs and work your way down to the knee to the ankle. The progress is repeated starting from the ankle to the neck once you complete one side if the body you will start on the other side. Once the massage is complete for the whole body is now time to wrap the affected portion of the body (the leg) with bandages. The bandages are applied to retain reduction. There are efferent types are bandages one type is foam which works better for my boyfriend so he can bend is leg. When you are wrapped you are constricted to movement. I do believe with all the research taking place now there will be a cure or an evolution In the development or care and medicine. Thankful all for you time If you have any questions I will answer to the best of my ability and I also have websites and some brochures about the condition though it was first described by Rudolf Birch in 1863. It is also known as Mildly resulting in the term secondary lymphoma. In the last few years with genetic tendency for lymphoma but didn’t have it in childhood but who had trauma or surgery and developed it later in life, which is a primary lymphoma patient with secondary causes Lymphoma is something I have come well familiar with due to my boyfriend has primary Lymphatic. He was diagnosed -in 2007 but for 4 years believe with all the research taking place now there will be a cure or an evolution in Thank you all for you time if you have any questions I will answer to the best of my ability and I also have websites and some brochures about the condition How to cite Lymphedema, Papers

Handover Different Services Are Involved †Myassignmemthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Handover Different Services Are Involved? Answer: Introducation Building construction services are key to all manner of building works and the church is no different. From the design period to the handover, different services are involved. These services are key and crucial to attaining the aim and goal of the project. Projections are usually met with the satisfaction of the different services being met while the work is under progress. Additionally, for the building to function well, some of key services must be in cooperate during the construction period (Hall Greeno, 2015). The services involved in the design and construction period have for a long proved critical in meeting the needs of the building construction. The building services are critical in achieving the major objective of the projects. There are specific which will be associated with the certain projects. This is the same with the church construction, which will be the major focus in this paper. This paper will analyze different building services which need t be in cooperated in t he construction of a church project. This paper will add details on the reasons which support the use if these services. Building and accommodating services are able to enhance the implementation of the projects. The church project under consideration as well will have key building services as well as accommodating services, which will enhance the meeting of different goals of the project. Design and construction period are critical when executing projects and they are able to accompany key services, which enhance project implementation (Tomioka Kawai, 2012). The different services to any building must be able to conform to the laid rules and regulations. The National Construction Code and BCA are able to offer the guidelines and strategies on which these services will be provided (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). This paper will analyze the need for these services and analyze them in accordance with the rules and regulations in Australian rules and regulations. Each regulat ion is able to define the different ways on which these services have to be delivered at different projects so that they meet the safety and health standards. The church is under assembly classification of the building. This means that different people will be able to access the building. The classification means that design in both architectural and structural designs are able to depend on the building type. Architectural services are key for any project (Minkler, 2012). These are the first services, which are needed before the design, and construction of the project starts. The architectural services are able to outline the nature of the project and the final output of the project. These services are presented to the client to analyze the aesthetic factors of the building. The architectural services will be able to show the alignment of the church building and the final outlook of the church. This is a key factor for the design of the church to consider the output of the project (Allen Iano, 2014). The architectural services will enhance the design team to have a clear understanding of the design boundaries and parameters for the design . The architectural services are critical in definition of the boundary and size of the church. The use of these services will define the aesthetic factors of the church and design like. Design team will use the architectural services output to design the different members of the church project. The new church location and boundaries, it size and design structure will be all defined in the architectural services. This makes the services important during the design period and therefore can be included as part of the design services to be offered. In addition, these services are critical during the construction period and they help to elaborate different ideas, which were presented before (Cowdery, 2007). The design team will rely on the architectural services to make key design designs (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). This is because these services will guide them on the design looks of the church building. Different elements will be defined on the architectural services and there these will be key services to be included on this case study. In addition, structural provisions must be met in accordance to part B1. This has to ensure that the structural elements are able to enhance the safety of the building. The buildings have to meet the elements to ensure that the buildings do not collapse (Australia. 1990). The structural service and provisions must be provided to ensure that the building meets the requirements to ensure the building is able to withstand the different needs. In addition, the structural elements are able to enhance the safety and risks against some key factors such as the fire resistance. Structural reliability must be met in the design and ensuring that the structural needs is met. This ensures that the services provided are able to ensure that the structural reliability and services are of high quality. Resistance to actions must be met in the process of provision of these structural services (Chudley Greeno, 2013, Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). In addition, qualified design team must be abl e to meet the required standards and ensure that the structure meets the relevant needs. The services are able to include different services such as the masonry and concreting casting services. These must ensure that the building is able to meet the required standards in design stage. Decoration services are other key services, which will be needed on the church project. The church decoration is essential to bring out the church message and aesthetic factor. The decoration of the church is usually different since they have to present a key message, which different people will have to associate with the church environment (Faber, 2016). The decoration in church environment is done to pass some key message to people and therefore the services are critical. The decoration team must present the decorations, which are associated with the church environment and bear the correct message to the people. The decoration services are therefore key to ensure the congregations are able to get the best message once the project is complete. The church decor services prove important due to the uniqueness of the decoration, which has to be carried out on the building (Mallory-Hill, Preiser Watson, 2012). These services will align with the architectural services to ensure that the correct messages are placed on the designed location. In addition, these services are able to increase the aesthetic looks of the church. The decoration services will help people to define the church building. Outward decoration will be able to pass the message on the type of facility, which is on that location. Drainage works and services will be key to ensure that different wastes and unwanted water wastes are directed in the proper direction. These services will define the location where these wastes will be directed such as the storm water from the roof location (Kotter, 2014). Additionally, these services will define the line location of the pipe to ensure that people do not interfere with its flow and damage (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). Considering the kitchen and toilet locations within the church building, it is important to have a sewer line, which will connect with the main sewer or have a place where the sewage will be deposited. The storm water from the roof and the wastewater from the kitchen and bathroom need to be collected and directed to a location for either treatment or disposal. These services will ensure that the health of the environment is maintained at a high level and thus enhancing cleanness (Haddad, 2012). The line for the server need to be maintained o ut of the pathways and this is a decision, which the drainage team will make while providing the services. Additionally, these services have to be superior to ensure blockage does not happen. The services have to ensure foul smell does not move back to the building location and therefore proper design of the drainage system is needed. The services will therefore be able ensure the comfortability of the people within the location is achieved with proper drainage services. The services will ensure that different wastes are able to move in a better line and disposal is maintained well. Therefore, these services will be essential at this environment and ensure that they enhance the environment (Building services handbook, 2001). Manholes will be enhanced to ensure inspection of the sewer line is enhance at different times to ensure blockages are solved at the right time. In cooperating these services will ensure that the cleanness of the church are is well maintained and thus sewage does not spill anyhow on the church location. Disposal pit will be necessary and these services will be able to provide such area considering wind flow and safety measures for the disposal. The Building Constructed Code is able to define that these services will be able to enhance the health and safety of the environment considering the sm ell and safety. Termite risk management services must be provided on this project. This will ensure that the building is safe against the termite attack. The attacks are able to weakness the building stability and therefore they should be able to withstand these attacks. Part B1.4 is able to give the specification on when the services need to be provided and the stage at which they need to provided (Tri Harso Karyono, Vale Vale, 2017). This clause is able to enhance the building stability at the different levels. Different structure components must be able to be safe against the termite attack. This will ensure that the elements are met and the level of termite management services is well provided. The services will enhance the durability of the structure and enhance the safety of the building. The termite management services are able to enhance the safety of the structure (Preiser, Hardy Wilhelm, 2017). This gives the occupants confident that the building will stay for long and meet the design li fe. This will key services, which will be needed on the building to enhance it operation. In addition, these services will be able to reduce the cost factor of the buildings. The cost management will be enhanced and therefore management of the building. Fire resistance services are also required on the section. Any building which people are required require strategies on the way people will be safer in terms of fire strategy (Curtin, 2002). These services will be able to provide an exit plan in case of fire in the building. According to part C of the NCC part one, Protection opening need to be provided on the buildings. This will enhance the proper mechanism to fight fire in case of it happening. Construction exits are always required on the building to enhance an exist plan (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). Considering different access to people, a well planned exist plan with exit places need to be provided. This need to be provided on different sections to enhance the exit of the people. The section D of the NCC requires that the exit plan to enhance the exit of the people from the building (Washington Mealiff, 2013). Escape plan has to enhance the people exit from the building under these conditions. Section D part D2 is able to offer the requirement for the services on exit to be provided. It requires exit parts to be provided on the building on different parts. This will enhance the people to leave the building when different incidents happen and enhance their safety. In addition, as part of building which the building has access to many people, different people must be enhanced to access the building. People with disability access must be provided with different access avenues to the building. This means a rump may be created to enhance their access where several staircase landings may be available in front of the church. Fire fighting to the building should also be included (Wilkinson, Remy Langston, 2014). These services have to be included to ensure control on the damage on the properties in the church building. Part E of the section 1 of the NCC is able to provide the provision under which these utilities and services to the buildings. The church requires a strategy on which the fire will b e dealt with in case it happens. Fire fighting equipment need to be strategically located at different locations on the church to enhance the safety of the occupants. Electric supply system services are key to ensure that the different electric connections are done to the standards. The electric service will key to ensure that different devices on the church location are connected. The operation of the church building will need services since the audibility of the church will be enhanced (Cremers, 2016). This will ensure operations of the church are well maintained. Part C2.13 of the NCC is able to offer the guidelines which will ensure that the services are well provided. The electric line near the church will be key area which the services can be retrieved from. In addition, the old church electric line can also be used to provide the electric services to the new building to enhance the lighting and operation. The services will be key to ensure security of the environment as well (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). The services will be able to enhance the operation of the elements and supporting the operations of the church building. Lighting and ventilation services are key to the church premises. This is a structure which will have access to many people and different activities which may raise the room temperature may be expected. This means that the room should be well ventilated and enough light be able to access the location (Mccabe Kennedy, 2003). Under section F, part F4, the room should be ventilated according to use. In this case, the church should be able to enhance well ventilated area to boost their temperature. Under the same section F, sound systems need to provide equality in sound transmission on the room. Part J5 also offer provisions on the ventilation of the room sections. This offers the good light to the area as well as the air access in the area. The church environment is likely to provide the sounding systems to enhance the audibility on the area. The transmission should ensure the sound is audible to the users and does not become disturbances to others outside the room. This will require proper insulation to ensure noise to outside is prevented and the section F part F5 is able to provide provisions on the insulation and sound transmission. In addition, fire safety is also addressed on Volume 2 of the NCC part 3.7 (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). Under this section, smoke alarms should be provided to ensure that the alerting mechanism is enhanced. This ensures that warnings on the sections are provided on the section to enhance the escaping root (Carey Barr, 2015). The fire evacuation services therefore need to be enhanced and the smoke alarms are key part of the services. Air conditioning is also key to the building. These services has to be provided according to AS/NZS 1668.1. The provision guidelines are defined on part C3.15 of the NCC. This part gives the guidelines on the way the ventilation should be provided. This enhances the operation of the room and ensure that air circulation is maintained at a higher level. The air conditioning will ensure that the room temperature is maintained on the room section. This will be a key parameter which is needs on a gathering location like the church. Water services to any building are key. In this project, the washroom, kitchen and the bathroom will need to be connected to the water services to enhance their functionality. The use of water on this church project will be essential and therefore the building will need to be connected to such services (Moran, 2017). Volume three section B stipulated on different categories of water which should be connected to the building. The bathroom section may require connection to hot water and cold water systems. In addition, non-drinking water may be connected to the toilet and the bathroom sections. This may not happen to the section which will require clean water for the kitchen services (Victoria, 2008). The church considering the presence of the different people accessing will require a water point where people can access clean water to quencher their thirst. Therefore use of water on this project and case study will be inevitable and therefore increasing the need for these services. The refore proper analysis shows that the water services under the NCC Volume three will be essential and crucial (Moran, 2017). The congregation, which will be able to meet on this environment, will require water and therefore increasing the need of such services. In addition, firefighting water equipment can also be used to enhance the security of the location from incidents such as fire. Water points under pressure may therefore be provided to enhance the fire fighting (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). The water team will therefore need to provide such services to the location. The high-pressure water point will be able to enhance the firefighting mechanisms on the location. Therefore, it will be key to ensure that these services are provided on this case study. It will help to provide water for usage and other services on the location. In conclusion, building services and accommodating service are critical in any king of building structure. These services are able to enhance the operation of the building. The NCC and BCA are able to give key guidelines on the way these services will be provided. In addition, these services are required to meet specific levels of test so that they can be able to be installed on such building. In the church structure case study, it is clear that different services must be installed and provided to ensure proper operations. For instance, the sewage and storm water disposal must be enhance in the area to maintain safety and proper health. In addition, electric services and air-conditioning must be as well be provided on such locations. Moreover, access services have to be enhanced in some locations to enhance access to all people. Additionally water services are also required on this building structure. Different amenities on this building will required enhancing their operation. Fire amenities and services as well as exit plan for the fire will also be critical services, which will be required on this building structure. These amenities and services will have different effects when they are not provided and therefore will be critical to be provided on this structure. References (2001). Building services handbook. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Allen, E., Iano, J. (2014). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Canada. (1970). NCC. [Ottawa], The Commission. Carey, H. M., Barr, C. (2015). Religion and greater Ireland: Christianity and Irish global networks, 1750-1950. Chudley, R., Greeno, R. (2013). Building construction handbook. London, Routledge. Clohesy, M. (2016). Nowhere to sleep: providing youth accommodation services. Cowdery, J. R. (2007). Building on student diversity: profiles and activities. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. Cremers, J. (2016). Building openings construction manual: windows, vents, exterior doors. Cropley, D. (2015). Creativity in engineering: novel solutions to complex problems. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=944226 Curtin, R. D. (2002). Sharing your church building. Grand Rapids, MI, Baker Books. Faber, E. L. (2016). Building the Land of Dreams: New Orleans and the Transformation of Early America. Haddad, M. A. (2012). Building democracy in Japan. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Hall, F., Greeno, R. (2015). Building services handbook. Kotter, J. P. (2014). Accelerate: building strategic agility for a faster moving world. Mallory-hill, S., Preiser, W. F. E., Watson, C. (2012). Enhancing building performance. Chichester, West Sussex, Wiley-Blackwell. McCabe, G. B., Kennedy, J. R. (2003). Planning the modern public library building. Westport, Conn, Libraries Unlimited. Australian Building Codes Board. (2016). Building code of Australia 2016. Canberra, Australian Building Codes Board. Minkler, M. (2012). Community organizing and community building for health and welfare. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press. Moran, A. (2017). The public life of Australian multiculturalism: building a diverse nation. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=1341450. Preiser, W. F. E., Hardy, A., Wilhelm, J. J. (2017). Adaptive Architecture: Changing Parameters and Practice. https://www.tandfebooks.com/isbn/9781315627113. Tomioka, T., Kawai, L. H. (2012). Building waves. Champaign, IL, Dalkey Archive Press. Tri Harso Karyono, Vale, R., Vale, B. (2017). Sustainable building and built environments to mitigate climate change in the tropics: conceptual and practical approaches. Cham, Springer. Victoria. (2008). Victorian government office building standards 2008. Melbourne, Government Services Group, Dept. of Treasury and Finance. https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/CA25713E0002EF43/WebObj/VictorianGovernmentOfficeBuildingStandards2008/$File/Victorian%20Government%20Office%20Building%20Standards%202008.pdf. Washington, B. T., Mealiff, T. (2013). Character building. New Brunswick, N.J., Transaction Publishers. Wilkinson, S., Remy, H. T., Langston, C. A. (2014). Sustainable building adaptation: innovations in decision-making.

Jesus, The Suffering Servant free essay sample

This paper examines the purpose for Jesus pain in his human earthly being. This paper examines the purpose for Jesus pain in his human earthly being. The author quotes the new testament to support that suffering fulfilled his purpose to serve rather than be served, and it is through this suffering that mankind is redeemed and the sins of all people are washed away. Jesus was sent to serve humanity, but during his earthly life, he was despised by men, betrayed by his friends and rejected by society. His sufferings are foretold in the Old Testament books of Isaiah and Jeremiah, as well as Psalm 22. Throughout the book of Jeremiah, the sufferings of the prophet are described. Oh, my anguish, my anguish! I writhe in pain. Oh, the agony of my heart! My heart pounds within me, I cannot keep silent (Jeremiah 4: 19) Woe to me because of my injury, he cries. We will write a custom essay sample on Jesus, The Suffering Servant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My wound is incurable! Yet I said to myself, This is my sickness, and I must endure!

Say Thank You to Friends With a Sentimental Quote

Say 'Thank You' to Friends With a Sentimental Quote Friendship, like any other relationship, needs to be nurtured. It cannot grow like a wildflower. To develop a good friendship, you need to be committed, and a word of gratitude goes a long way toward sealing bonds. Thank your friends for being there for you. Thank them for helping you rediscover yourself. Use these thank-you quotes for friends in cards and messages. On  Friendship Day, reach out to your friends in every corner of the world. Let them know that wherever they are, they will always be in your heart. Real friends are worth the time and trouble. As Oprah Winfrey said, Lots of people want to ride with you in the limo, but what you want is someone who will take the bus with you when the limo breaks down.   Richard BachEvery gift from a friend is a wish for your happiness. Grace Noll CrowellHow can I find the shining word, the glowing phrase that tells all that your love has meant to me, all that your friendship spells? There is no word, no phrase for you on whom I so depend. All I can say to you is this, God bless you, precious friend. Ralph Waldo EmersonThe glory of friendship is not the outstretched hand, nor the kindly smile, nor the joy of companionship; it is the spiritual inspiration that comes to one when he discovers that someone else believes in him and is willing to trust him. It is one of the blessings of old friends that you can afford to be stupid with them. EuripidesFriends show their love in times of trouble, not in happiness. Baltasar GracinTrue friendship multiplies the good in life and divides its evils. Strive to have friends, for life without friends is like life on a desert island... To find one real friend in a lifetime is good fortune; to keep him is a blessing. Yolanda HadidFriendship isnt about who youve known the longest... its about who came and never left your side.   Thomas JeffersonBut friendship is precious, not only in the shade, but in the sunshine of life, and thanks to a benevolent arrangement the greater part of life is sunshine. Ann LandersLove is  friendship  that has caught fire. It is quiet understanding, mutual confidence, sharing, and forgiving. It is loyalty through good and bad times. It settles for less than perfection and makes allowances for human weaknesses.   John LeonardIt takes a long time to grow an old friend. Franà §ois de la RochefoucauldA true friend is the greatest of all blessings, and that which we take the least care of all to acquire. Albert Schweitzer ï » ¿In everyone’s life, at some time, our inner fire goes out. It is then burst into flame by an encounter with another human being. We should all be thankful for those people who rekindle the inner spirit. Lucius Annaeus SenecaOne of the most beautiful qualities of true friendship is to understand and to be understood. Henry David ThoreauThe language of friendship is not words, but meanings.

Case study effective leaders Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effective leaders - Case Study Example Often, the variation is attributed to the leadership as well as the type of people these two types of leaders govern. Extraverted leadership often involves commanding the center of attention by not only being outgoing and assertive, but also bold, talkative as well as dominant. Introverted leadership, on the other hand, involves listening to other people’s opinion before making any decision in an organization. In relation to this, the paper expounds on extraverts are not the best bosses. In relation to this description, it is apparent that pairing extraverted leaders with employees who speak out often result in a conflict. On the other hand, it is evidenced that paring introverted leaders with employees who speak out result to high productivity. In regard to this claim, one can affirm that introverted managers have the potential of maximizing the productivity of proactive employees. In other words, extraverted managers can only work best with passive employees. Unfortunately, passive behaviors are not important in a dynamic as well as uncertain economy (Analyzing Effective Leaders, 2010). Extraverted leaders are the main contributors of low innovativeness and activeness of employees. Such leaders often feel threatened by the activeness of employees; they fear employee proactivity. In tandem with this claim, it is evident that pairing of such leaders with proactive employees hampers with the success of an organization. In most occasions, proactive employees lose the morale of working hard when responded to in a less receptive way by an extraverted leader. Additionally, the poor relationship between extraverted leader and employees make employees mean in that they avoid sharing ideas that could enhance creativity and innovation. Personality conflicts in most organizations are also as a result of the practice of extraverted leadership. These conflicts frequently result to a power struggle within organization

Arguments Participation Paper 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arguments Participation Paper 5 - Assignment Example The entire poem employs images related to garbage and waste. But the tone changes toward the end and the poet stands up through her destruction. The poem draws the story behind the street side Rosie and does not ignore her just as yet another roadside tramp. â€Å"Miss Rosie† by Clifton can be related to the poet’s emphasis on the strong women character; she is gender conscious and is proud to ‘stand up through the destruction’ and admire the qualities and experiences the woman has gained. It recalls Dahomey woman behind the Clifton family in US. Citations and their relation to the argument: 1. (line 5) compares sands to time and introduces the main idea of time; 2. (line 6) shows the poet becoming conscious of time running out so fast and quick; 3. (lines 11,12) form the core of this poem stating the poet’s desire to win over time and go back to past and do or undo things; 4. (line 17) speak of how tides pull the waves in with the sand on the shore; time is running out; a comparison is drawn between tide and time; time and tide wait for none. Patricia Smith’s â€Å"Walking Along the Beach† is a poem on the power of time and the inability to win over it to go back to the past. Time does not wait for any one, but is on its way when tide comes in. The sand clock gets emptied. The poet is conscious of the urgency of time. Calm beach is contrasted with sands being pulled in by the tides. Time and tide wait for

Nursing shortage, a major healthcare issue Research Paper

Nursing shortage, a major healthcare issue - Research Paper Example The seriousness of the matter can be gauged from the following reports. In July 2007, American Hospital Association released a report that U.S hospitals needed approximately 116,000 RNs to fill vacant positions. Percentage wise this translated into 8.1 percent of occupied positions. Dr. Peter Buerhaus and his team estimated that shortages of registered nurses in the U.S. would reach as high as 500,000 as per their report released in 2008. They stated in their report that demand for RNs is likely to grow by 2-3 percent each year. (Nursing Shortage†¦) The 2008 survey of registered nurses indicate that as of March 2008, there were 3063,162 licensed registered nurses staying in the U.S. This survey indicated that only 153,806 RNs were found to be working more over the last survey of 2004. However, it was found that 444,668 RNs obtained their license between 2004 and 2008. This indicates that 291,000 RNs surely went out of nursing services either due to retirements or due to other re asons. (The Registered Nurse (a)†¦) This trend surely indicates that matter could become grave in few years time. U.S. Bureau of Health Professions report supply demand projections of Registered Nurses up to the year 2020 that is depicted in the following graph. National Supply and Demand Projections for RNs, 2000 to 2015 Source: Bureau of Health Professions, RN Supply and Demand Projections URL: http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/nursingshortage/default.htm History and Evolution of Shortages of Nurses in Healthcare Though nursing shortages are observed from the days of World War II, it has impacted now significantly. The four factors that have contributed heavily in creating the shortages of nurses can be described as per the following. 1. Rise in population of U.S 2. A fewer people opting for the career in nursing 3. A generation called baby boomer is now retiring to create pressure on health care services. 4. Ageing workforce gets out of nursing services In 1950, U.S popul ation was 152,271,000 that have now almost doubled at 307,212,123 in 2009. Population has gone up at the rate of 1.8 percent per year. In view of the increasing standards of health, nursing population need to rise at much higher rate than the general population rise but that is not happening. The reasons for shortages in nursing are not sudden. The results obtained from the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses carried out in 2000 indicated that too few people are choosing careers in nursing. The statistical data as available for the employment of young between 1980 and 2000 are worth noting to indicate the trend. In 1980, 52.9 percent of RNs were the age below 40 and 26 percent were the age below 30. In 2000, 31.7 percent of RNs were the age below 40 and 10 percent were the age below 30. (The Registered Nurse (b)†¦) Shortages of nurses are also being felt because baby booming generation (born between 1946 and 1964) is now getting retired causing increasing pressure on he althcare services and so on the services of nurses. Ageing and trained workforce gets out of nursing services due to retirement or other social reasons causing more pressure on services. Currently, the nursing profession is the largest segment of the U.S healthcare system. Nurse to Patient Ratios are under pressure affecting healthcare services severely. Unfortunate part is that there is a continuous decline in the

Problems facing the maxis bank

Problems facing the maxis bank We come into contact with organization from the cradle to the grave. Indeed, organization regulate and dictate so many aspect of people lives, giving many of people somewhere to work, entertaining them, when people are leisure and developing new product and services for their enjoyment. Basically, it is not the same case for Maxi Bank, which got 30 branches and was established for over forty years. Their new Administration and Project Manager John who actually replaced their current project manager, who has resigned, highlighted some serious organization problem such as communication problem among the staffs, because of the high turnover since last eight months. The worst and difficult issue that John discovered is the lack of motivation and the job dissatisfaction. Employers can be made aware of concerns in the workplace that would normally go unspoken. Many serious issues in the workplace do not get discussed because they may be uncomfortable or difficult. By increasing the communi cation channels among staffs for instance participation in the group meeting, avoid isolation, motivation and the job satisfaction concept within a company, John can more efficiently resolves concerns, lower the staffs turnover, increase employee satisfaction, find a way to solve Annies problem and more accurately assess issues and so on. Problems John the new Administration Department has noticed some of problems that Maxis Bank have, since he engaged in this company. Starting, with, the poor supervision in Maxis Bank. Supervision is an extremely vital part of a workplace that intends to maximize its success potential.   It naturally follows, then, that poor supervision in a workplace is among the primary obstacles to achieving potential successes by a business.  Louis V. Imundo 1993, p 55. For Maxi Bank, a quality supervisory team should be employed and trained to ensure the very finest results from their individual employee groups. These supervisors should have their own support system, and their importance should be made very clear, to ensure the highest degree of productivity. Or, if the supervisor is not present enough, or is too overbearing, then the reaction from employees will only be fear, resentment, and displeasure in their work Dick Grote 2006 p. 45. The productivity will not be as good, and the employee turno ver will increase. Often having few staffs in an organization, that came from different department such as the case study lead to poor communications among them and . As in any relationship, communication is the key to a strong business relationship. This can be the relationship between business and customer, or, equally as important, the internal relationships among different employees within the company. Communication can be improved in virtually every workplace, no matter the industry or size.   After all, it is the only way for information to effectively spread throughout the business so that everybody can be informed to the degree that they required to properly achieve their goals. Luthans1998 p.145   Another problem occurred in Maxis is there poor employee morale in the workplace. By facing this kind of problem, there is a high risk of employee burnout and overall dissatisfaction. The cause of the poor employee moral can be structured as first a negative event within the workplace, such as a firing, downsizing, or other dramatic and unwanted change , or arguments or other forms of tension among staff members or between staff and management. Overwork, or a consistently heavy workload. The feeling of unappreciated or underappreciated for the work done, the conditions of the workplace. The rigid supervision involved in the work being done, and unsupportive or weak supervision that does not offer enough input or guidance Bennett. R, 1997: p.119 This is an extremely expensive way to do business because it leads to poor productivity, isolation and increased absences from work. The high absenteeism in Maxis Bank led to the non submission of their tasks on time. Moreover, staffs in Maxis felt to be underworked, because according to Annie, she complained that her job is monotonous and repetitive.The staffs feel to be underworked for doing uncreative, and repetitive work, which always to high absenteeism and turnover as well Giddens.A, 1971 p.23. . And lastly, the absence of leadership in the Maxis Bank created an issue within the staffs. People want to be guided by those they respect and who have a clear sense of direction. This type of person leads by positive example and endeavors to foster a team environment in which all team members can reach their highest potential, both as team members and as people. They encourage the team to reach team goals as effectively as possible, while also working tirelessly to strengthen the bonds among the various members. Kouzes, Posner, Barry Z. (1987). Good leaders are made not born. If people have the desire and willpower, they can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience Burns, 2010, p. 43. Basically, John should hire a good, effective and trust leader who can lead the staffs in a good way for the benefit of the Maxis Bank Reason why problems occur? For most part of the twentieth century, managers realized that if their employees were satisfied with their jobs, then that satisfaction would translate to working hard. Therefore, happy workers are productive workers. It is true that in the case of Maxis, Annie was not productive, since she claimed that she attended few interviews with other bank. Organizations with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective than organizations with fewer satisfied employees. Dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work. Although this is true, other factors also do play a role, for instance organizations that provide liberal sick leave benefits encourage all their employees to take sick days. Hence, satisfied employees have lower levels of turnover while dissatisfied employees have higher levels of turnover. Research also suggest that an important moderator of the satisfaction-turnover relationship is the employee`s level of performance. For better performing employees, the level of satisfaction is less important in predicting turnover. When employees are dissatisfied with their jobs, they`ll respond somehow. It is not easy to predict how exactly they`ll respond. One might quit, another might responds by doing personal work at the workplace, or may take leave and increase the absenteeism. Workers in any organization need something to keep them working. Most times the salary of the employee is enough to keep him or her working for an organization. However, sometimes just working for salary is not enough for employees to stay at an organization. An employee must be motivated to work for a company or organization. If no motivation is present in an employee, then that employees quality of work or all work in general will deteriorate Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B.B. 1959, p. 341. Basically, staffs in Maxis Bank are unmotivated and dissatisfy that why critical issues in the Maxis arose. Alienation is one of the factor of unhappiness and isolation that workers in hardly feel when theirs works are not a relevant or important part of the workers lifes, that they do not really belong to the work to the work community health (Karl. M, 1971p.59). It is associated with feelings of discontent, isolation and futility. Alienation workers perceive themselves or powerless and dominated. Work is seen as unrevealed to real life; it becomes simply a means to achieve materials ends. Alienation has been observed most often on automated assembly lines where work is extremely repetitive and personal relations with others workers are difficult to establish. Great unhappiness can result from alienation; indeed, it can adversely offer the workers mental or physical health. In the case of Maxis, John found that each staff is working in isolation and difficult to establish a relation either professional or friendship with others. 2- Some theorists have defined and explained the concept of motivation as a process that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Many contemporary authors have also defined the concept of motivation. It has been defined as: the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction Kreitner. R, 1995 p. 44; a predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet needs Buford, Bedeian, Lindner, 1995, p. 56; an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need Higgins, 1994, p. 78; and the will to achieve Bedeian, 1993, p. 675. Basically motivation is operationally defined as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals. Why do we need motivated employees? The answer is survival (Smith, 1994). Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces. Motivated employees help organizations survive. Motivated employees are more productive. To be effective, managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform Kovach, 1987, p.65. Of all the functions a manager performs, motivating employees is arguably the most complex. This is due, in part, to the fact that what motivates employees changes constantly Bowen , Radhakrishna, 1991, p. 62. For example, research suggests that as employees income increases, money becomes less of a motivator Kovach, 1987, p. 72. Also, as employees get older, interesting work becomes more of a motivator. Understanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the publication of the Hawthorne Study results Terpstra, 1979,p. 98 The basis approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation are Maslows need-hierarchy theory, Vrooms expectancy theory, and Adams equity theory. According to Maslow, employees have five levels of needs (Maslow, 1943), physiological, safety, social, ego, and self- actualizing. Maslow argued that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the next higher level need would motivate employees. Herzbergs work categorized motivation into two factors: motivators and hygienes (Herzberg, Mausner, Snyderman, 1959, p. 125. Motivator or intrinsic factors, such as achievement and recognition, produce job satisfaction. Hygiene or extrinsic factors, such as pay and job security, produce job dissatisfaction. Vrooms theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards Vroom, 1964, p. 150. Rewards may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated. Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the employee will be motivated. Adams theory states that employees strive for equity between themselves and other workers. Equity is achieved when the ratio of employee outcomes over inputs is equal to other employee outcomes over inputs Adams, 1965. p. 134 Basically, the best motivational theory that suits the Maxis Banks case is the reinforcement theory. This theory can be traced to the work of the pioneering behaviorist B.F. Skinner. It is considered a motivation theory as well as a learning theory. Reinforcement theory posits that motivated behavior occurs as a result of reinforces, which outcomes are resulting from the behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again. This theory suggests that it is not necessary to study needs or cognitive processes to understand motivation, but that it is only necessary to examine the consequences of behavior.   In reinforcement theory a combination of rewards and/or punishments is used to reinforce desired behavior or extinguish unwanted behavior. Behavior that is reinforced is likely to continue, but behavior that is not rewarded or behavior that is punished is not likely to be repeated. Skinner, B.F. Science and Human Behavior. 1953. The most important principle of reinforcement theory is, of course, reinforcement. Generally speaking, there are two types of reinforcement: positive and negative. Positive reinforcement results when the occurrence of a valued behavioral consequence has the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated. The specific behavioral consequence is called a reinforcer Iwata, B. A. (1987, p. 67. An example of positive reinforcement might be a salesperson that applies extra effort to meet a sales quota (behavior) and is then rewarded with a bonus (positive reinforcer). The administration of the positive reinforcer should make it more likely that the salesperson will continue to exert the necessary effort in the future. In the case of Maxis Bank, according to Annie affirmation she refused to handle extra job other than her current job scope. If the positive reinforce come into it for instance rewarded her with a reward, she would not refused to handle extra job and the level of the motivation will rise automatically. Rewards can therefore assume a number of different forms, though there are two main forms:  extrinsic rewards, which take the form of cash payments and employment  benefits, like staff discounts,  occupational, pensions,  health insurance, and  company cars; and  intrinsic rewards  such as  job satisfaction, recognition, personal development, and the social status which may be attached to particular job roles. Negative reinforcement results when an undesirable behavioral consequence is withheld, with the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment, but they are not the same. Punishment attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors; negative reinforcement attempts to increase desired behavior. Thus, both positive and negative reinforcement have the effect of increasing the probability that a particular behavior will be learned and repeated Iwata, B. A. 1987, p. 68. An example of negative reinforcement might be a salesperson that exerts effort to increase sales in his or her sales territory (behavior), which is followed by a decision not to reassign the salesperson to an undesirable sales route (negative reinforcer). The administration of the negative reinforcer should make it more likely that the salesperson will continue to exert the necessary effort in the future. Reinforcement theory suggests to managers that they can improve employees performance by a process of behavior modification in which they reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behavior .Moreover, for John case, reinforcement theory will be the best appropriate to motivate his 10 staffs, increase the desire behavior, or increase the probability of a behavior reoccurring. Consequently, both positive and negative reinforcement have the weight of increasing the probability that a particular behavior will be educated and repetitive. For instance, in Maxis Bank, both positive and negative reinforcement will have the effect of modified or punished the undesirables behavior of the staffs such as the absenteeism, the high turnover, the work isolation and increase the desirable behavior for instance handling extra job, attend all the interviews with the others banks, if bonus or rewards and maybe motivation words are applied. 3. Group dynamics  is the study of groups, and also a general term for group processes Ringer, T. M. 2002 p 172. Relevant to the fields of  psychology,  sociology, and  communication studies, a  group  is two or more individuals who are connected to each other by social relationships.  Because they interact and influence each other, groups develop a number of dynamic processes that separate them from a random collection of individuals. These processes include norms, roles, relations, development, need to belong, social influence, and effects on behavior. The field of group dynamics is primarily concerned with small group behavior. Bass, Bernard 1990, p. 31 A group comes together to focus on finding common solutions or building a final project to the organization. This can be very effective to the project or solution because individuals in different roles in the workplace, different backgrounds and different experiences have a variety of points of view that they are able to contribute (Dimock, H.G.1993). Working in groups is often more efficient and motivates group members to achieve more in a certain period of time as group members motivate others to do their best and people often feel the need to be competitive (CSU 2009). Bringing out the competitive nature in people focused toward a common goal can often be a very productive strategy. In the Maxis case, the organization got employees came from different departments, different roles lead different experiences, but the thing is there is not group team in Maxis Bank. Each employees work in isolation. Some staffs in Maxis Bank are very independent and prefer to work alone rather than in groups. They feel that their best work comes from completing projects individually. (Burgess H. 2007). Dealing effectively with groups of people is a skill that will serve us in all areas of our lives.   It can also be a challenge- because people as individuals tend to have their own ideas about how they relate to a group, and not all of these ideas work very well in practice.   Theres a profound difference between a set of individuals and a cohesive group, and weve all felt that difference- where a group is tightly related and conscious of itself, the group is vastly more capable than the sum of its parts.   Where individual members are unconscious to the needs of the group, often the group is weaker than the sum of the individual members capabilities. Skinner, B.F. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1953. Iwata BA. Negative reinforcement in applied behavior analysis:, pp. 67 68 Buford, J. A., Jr., Bedeian, A. G., Lindner, J. R. (1995). Management in Extension (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Extension. p. 56 Terpstra, D. E. (1979). Theories of motivation: borrowing the best. p. 98 Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley. p. 150 Bennett. R, 1997: Organisational behaviour, 3rd edition, pp.119 Karl.M, 1967: The rise of the working class, p.59. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B.B. 1959, The Motivation to Work p. 341 Luthans1998: Organisation behaviour, 8th edition, p.145 .Discipline Without Punishment Dick Grote 2006 p.45 Leadership James MacGregor Burns, 2010, p. 43 Kreitner, R. (1995), Management, Sixth Edition, p. 44 Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company Higgins, J. M. (1994). The management challenge (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan p. 78 Bedeian, A. G. (1993). Management (3rd ed.). New York: Dryden Press. p. 675 Kovach, K. A. (1987). What motivates employees? pp.65 72 Bowen, B. E., Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). Job satisfaction p. 62 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work, p. 125 Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. p. 134 Effective Supervisors Louis V. Imundo 1993 p.55 Bass, Bernard (1989). StogdillsHYPERLINK http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/002901820X/bigdogsbowlofbis/ Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press. Bass, Bernard (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, p.31. Blake, Robert R. and Mouton, Janse S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co. Bolman, L. and Deal, T. (1991). Reframing Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kouzes, James M. Posner, Barry Z. (1987). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Lamb, L. F., McKee, K. B. (2004). Applied Public Relations: Cases in Stakeholder Management. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Routledge Bacon, S. B. (1988).  The effects of racially homogeneous and heterogeneous Outward Bound groups on the self-report survey scores and drop out rates of minority students. Greenwich, CT: Outward Bound USA. Ewert, A. (1992). Group development through experiential education: Does it happen?  Journal of Experiential Education,  15(2). Ewert, A., Heywood, J. (1991). Group development in the natural environment: Expectations, outcomes, and techniques.  Ã‚  Environment and Behavior,  23, 592-615. Ewert, A. McAvoy. L. (2000).  The effects of wilderness settings on organized groups: A state of knowledge paper. In D. N. Cole S. F. McCool (Eds.)  Proceedings: Wilderness science in a time of change  (pp. 13-26). Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Kerr, P. J., Gass, M. A. (1995). A group development model for adventure education. In K. Warren, M. Sakofs, J. S. Hunt (Eds.)  The theory of experiential education  (pp. 285-296). Boulder, CO: Association of Experiential Education Neill, J. T., Dias, K. L. (2001).  Adventure education and resilience: The double-edged HYPERLINK http://wilderdom.com/abstracts/NeillDias2001AdventureEducationResilienceDoubleEdgedSword.htmsword.Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning,  1(2), 35-42. Neill, J. T. (2002).  Social support helps people grow.  Horizons,  17(Spring), 32-34. Neill, J. T., Dias, K. L. (c.2001).  Challenge and support in Outward Bound: The double-edged sword.  Outward Bound International Newsletter,  10(1). Peak Experiences (n.d.).  Issues of importance in forming a team. Ringer, T. M. (2002).  Group action: The dynamics of groups in therapeutic, educational and corporate settings. p. 172

PESTEL Analysis :: Business, External Environment

PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL analysis is an important and widely-used tool for understanding the big picture of a firm’s external environment. PESTEL is an acronym for the political, economic, socio-cultural, environmental, and legal environment in which a firm operates. The benefits of the PESTEL analysis are that it helps identify potential environmental influence, helps better understand existing opportunities and threats, and helps understand market growth and decline. Political The political environment has an influence on business. Political factors need to be considered when viewing the external environment. According to Binstock, â€Å"Clorox is voluntarily converting its plants in the United States to safer chemical process in order to protect against disasters and terrorism† ( 2010). More than 200 chemical facilities across the U.S. have converted to safer chemical processes. In the same article, it said that in 2006 congress passed a temporary law that bars the government from requiring disaster prevention. This is good publicity for the company and puts it ahead of its competitors if the government ever puts disaster prevention laws in to place. Economic Economic factors are important to Clorox because these factors affect the company’s profits. Clorox’s main economic concern appears to be increasing raw material cost. â€Å"Significant increases in the costs of energy and transportation, including the cost of diesel, or of key raw materials, including, but not limited to, resin, chlor-alkali, sodium hypochlorite, corrugate, agricultural commodities and other raw materials† (Clorox, 2010). A rise in the price of raw materials could force the company to raise prices to keep making a profit. A struggling economy could reduce consumer spending. â€Å"Sales totaled $1.27 billion, down 2.8 percent from the same quarter a year ago† (Avalos, 2010). Socio-cultural Today’s consumers are very environmentally conscious. The company is taking advantage of this by producing environmentally friendly products. The company has increased its profits through the sales of its Green Works product line. According to an article from the San Francisco Chronicle â€Å"†¦research says that Green Works accounts for about half that $100 million annual market for eco-cleaners† (Said, 2010). Customers like company that give back to the community. Clorox does this through the Clorox Foundation.† The mission of The Clorox Company Foundation is to improve the quality of life in communities where Clorox employees live and work† (Clorox, 2011). Technological Technology factors play a major role in what opportunities a company faces. â€Å"The Company has outsourced a significant portion of its information technology activities to Hewlett-Packard, including its data centers, which are primarily located in Alpharetta, Ga.

Like Stars on Earth Essay

Every Child is Special is a Hindi films directed by Amir Khan .The story is about an 8-year-old boy named Ishaan who cannot cope with the academic demands in school. He once complained that The letters are dancing!† when he was asked to read. Teacher threw him out of the class and the students who passed by the hall mocked him for being punished. Moreover, Ishaanreversed letters when he wrote and demonstrated a poor understanding of mathematical concepts. Sometimes if he commits mistakes everybody laughs at him or will shout on him just like what his father or even his mother did. He always find ways to laugh after evrybody laugh bout what his diong. He was at the risk of repeating a grade level again because of his poor scholastic performance.Too often, he may be caught by his teacher daydreaming and getting low grades. see more:every child is special characters Ishaan began to evade homework and cutting classes because of his discouragement over his failings. Sometimes his father shouts and doing harsh against Ishaan. When his teachers advised his parents to avail of special education services, his family decided to send him to a boarding school instead in the hopes that the highly structured environment will straighten out his â€Å"behavioral problems†. But the academic status of Ishaan was not improve. Alternatively, he became withdrawn and lonely, far from the Ishaan who was active and fun-loving. Ishaan continued struggling with the same problems in his new school. When he was finally on the brink of suicide,Then came an alternative art teacher Ram Nikumbh discovered that he had dyslexia and consequently turned his life around. Ram Nikumbh change the best way Ishaan would act towards school and figure out how to appreciate himself even more, his art teacher who pay attention to Ishaan and to understand Ishaan whom his parents never finds what ishaan is. Towards the end of the school year Nikumbh organises an art fair for the staff and students. The competition is judged by artist Lalita Laimi, who portrays herself in the film. Ishaan, with his strikingly creative style, is declared the winner and Nikumbh, who paints Ishaan’s portrait, the runner-up. When Ishaan’s parents meet his teachers on the last day of school they are left speechless by the transformation they see in him. Overcome with emotion, Ishaan’s father thanks Nikumbh. As Ishaan is getting into the car to leave with his parents, he turns around and runs toward Nikumbh. The film ends with a freeze frame shot of Nikumbh tossing Ishaan into the air.

How To Get Inspiration For Your Research Projects

How To Get Inspiration For Your Research Projects How to connect for the inspiration in your writing job Writing is a creative process which requires both factual calculations of time and effort as well as a consideration of an emotional side, such as inspiration. It is easy to make a rough estimation of the time and effort required to produce your next publication. However, the lack of inspiration to write about the required subject might be an issue and can result in the writer’s block. How to connect for the inspiration? Places for inspiration Nowadays, there are many places available for getting an inspiration which writers may end up lacking in the creative process. In the academic world, the inspiration for the research can come from attending conferences or seminars, reading up to date academic publications, listening to good quality radio podcasts, checking newspapers and websites, engaging in social media and connecting with people who are equally interested in the subject that you study. Connecting with other researchers It might be very helpful to connect with those who study the same subject. Your colleagues have their own insights and they can share the valuable information with you. You can join relevant networks or you can even start your own blog or forum to publicize your research and get into a productive discussion with those who have the same interests. Seeking advice from those whose research you respect is also one of the ways to get your piece of work written effectively. Promoting your research via digital media It is important to be â€Å"online present†. If you would like to promote your research, it can be very helpful to be socially active in terms of online activity. You need to engage in the social media in order to spread the important ideas of your work to as many people as possible. Nowadays, it is unwise to underestimate the power of social media, so use it to the fullest. Digital means for working on the academic pieces of writing The number of digital aids for the effective writing is very much in abundance nowadays. Do you need to save an interesting information that you have encountered on the web? You can use one of the digital bookmarking sites such as Delicious, Pinterest, Scoop.it or Pinterest. If you need an online reference manager, Zotero, Endnote or Mendeley can be very helpful. The citations that you come across can be saved very easily with those research management tools. Physically activity as a source of inspiration Being physically fit can make a lot of difference in the creative process. Besides getting a portion of positive emotions, going for a run or exercising in the gym can give you some time to think about the subject of your research. Many successful writers say that they come up with new and unique ideas when they are in motion. Writing an academic paper is a challenging task and every academic writer has his own methods and routines which facilitate producing great pieces of work. Perhaps, experimenting is the key element in the process of creating a masterpiece. Finding your own approach to the creative writing process can help you achieve your goal of being a successful writer.

Establishing a Claim in Negligence The WritePass Journal

Establishing a Claim in Negligence Introduction Establishing a Claim in Negligence Jennifer Hallam parked her car opposite the knight’s plaza building where on return to her car she noticed damage to the car. On enquiring from shop owners she was informed that this was due to light reflecting from the building. Jennifer returned the next day and investigated and established this is the case. T Knight Group (TKG) owe a duty of care to Jennifer as the neighbour principle clearly applies to her on the basis that the Jennifer would have been so closely affected by the actions of TKG that they ought reasonably to have had her in their contemplation. TKG would thus have been under a duty to ensure that reasonable care was being taken in order to avoid any harm or damage to third partied caused by their actions. Nevertheless, this could be disputed by TKG as they may be able to demonstrate that the breach of duty did not occur as a result of their own actions. This is because the architects or the structural engineers could instead be held responsible for the desi gn fault. This situation has been seen around the world and also in the UK. Under section 79 of the environmental protection act 1990 the local authority may take action to ensure the nuisance is stopped. There is no reported case in England and Wales in which a Court has been required to determine reflection of sunlight. However in New Zealand this was the case and was seen in Bank of New Zealand v greenwood[11]. This would amount to an actionable tort of nuisance. Here the high Court of New Zealand held that reflected light can constitute an actionable nuisance. In Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd[12] the Lords considered the New Zealand case and although they said that it was most unusual they did in fact regard the decision as ‘eminently sensible’ and ‘admirable’. In light of this, it could therefore be said that Jennifer’s actions is likely to be successful if the Courts in the UK follow suit. If the Courts do find that there has been a breach, it is likely that they will then be able to establish that the breach caused the harm and was not too remote so as to prevent an action in negligence. This is because, if TKG successful argue that they the architects or the structural engineers are to blame for the damage, then the standard of care will be that based upon their ex pertise; Wilsher v Essex[13]. And, architects and structural engineers will be required to have a reasonable expectation of the risks involved with this type of project and ought to have known of the dangers. Rahim Rahim Khan has stated that he has suffered a financial loss due to the dazzling sun and high temperatures that are created when the sun reflects off the Knights Plaza Building and onto the pavement outside his shop. There is generally no duty of care owed to individuals to avoid causing others to suffer an economic loss. The economic loss must not relate to personal injury or damage to property as in Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin[14]. Nevertheless, in Hedley Byrne co v Heller[15] the House of Lords held that economic loss could be caused by negligence misstatement rather than a negligent act, although it is unlikely to apply here. In Linklaters Business Services v Sir Robert McAlpine[16], however, it was noted by the Court that; â€Å"It may well be arguable in the case of complex structures that one element of the structure should be regarded for the purpose of the application and the principles [regarding economic loss] as distinct from another element, so that damage to one part of the structure caused by a hidden defect in another part may qualify to be treated as damage to other property.† It will depend entirely upon the facts of the case as to whether a claim by Rahim will prove to be a success although it is questionable whether this will be established given the complexity of establishing pure economic loss. Thus, Rahim will have to demonstrate that the relationship between Rahim and TKG was sufficiently close for a claim to be ascertained for economic loss. This is unlikely to be established given that Rahim merely owns a nearby sandwich shop and so the requirements are unlikely to be satisfied here. In addition, Rahim also stated that his business has just reopened after health inspector closed it down after allegations of food poisoning. This could be significant as the loss could have been caused by the closure of the shop for 6 months. The chain of causation (novus actus interveniens) could have been broken by the fact the shop was closed. In certain cases, the chain of causation is capable of being broken by an intervening act. Therefore, the defendant may not be liable if the chain is broken by the intervening act even if there exists a duty of care as in Kirkham v Chief[17]. Thus, as put by Finch and Fafinski  Ã¢â‚¬Å"if the novus actus interveniens is sufficient to break the ch ain, then the defendant may not be liable despite being in breach of the duty of care.†[18] Accordingly, it is therefore unlikely that TKG will be found liable in tort for the loss that was suffered by Rahim since it is likely that the loss would have occurred regardless; The Oropesa[19]. Rahim is also being prosecuted having been caught on CCTV cameras throwing stones and subsequently causing damage to the Knights Plaza Building costing  £75,000. In common law Rahim would be found criminally liable for criminal damage under section 1 (1) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971 for destroying property that belonged to another with the intention or recklessness as to whether damage was caused. The fact that Rahim was caught on CCTV throwing stones at the building is sufficient enough to find him liable under this section. Accordingly, it is clear that Rahim had the intention to damage the property by throwing the stones as he was angry at TKG for the loss of profits in which he claims to have suffered. In addition, for criminal damage to be established, it does not have to be shown that the property is no longer usable. The fact that some damage was caused will be sufficient as in Roper v Knott[20]. Accordingly, Rahim will thus be found criminally liable for damaging the pro perty and causing  £75,000 worth of damage. Andy Pandy, Mandy Pandy and Muz Ahmed In deciding whether Darren is liable for the death of Andy Pandy and the injuries sustained by Mandy Pandy and Muz Ahmed, it will need to be considered whether Darran owed them a duty of care. Applying the Caparo test, it is evident that a duty of care was owed to Andy, Mandy and Muz. This is because all three of them can be considered to have a relationship of proximity to Darran that he ought to have had them in his contemplation. Hence, drivers owe a duty of care to pedestrians so it is evident that this part of the test will have been satisfied. Nevertheless, it is questionable whether Darran failed to take care given that the gust of wind is likely to have been unforeseeable and as such it would not be fair, just and reasonable to impose duty of care on him. In addition, although Darran caused the accident to occur it can be said that there was an intervening act that broke the chain of causation. This is because the accident would not have happened had it not been for the struc ture of the building and because these defects were known to the TKG since May 2013, they could have alleviated these problems by taking the necessary steps. In view of this, the TKG should be found liable for the death of Andy since they ought to have taken reasonable precautions to prevent the problem from occurring. Essentially, because they had not taken any steps to prevent the problem from occurring it is clear that they should be found liable as they would have owed Andy a duty of care, they were in breach of that duty and the breached caused the harm. The same will apply in relation to Mandy and Muz since it would not be fair, just and reasonable to impose liability on Darran for the psychiatric harm that was caused and so TKG ought to be held liable for this also. In order to establish a claim in negligence for psychiatric injury, all of the negligence requirements must first be satisfied. However, further difficulties will arise since Mandy and Muz will not be awarded compensation unless three additional requirements are satisfied; a) there was a close tie of love and affection between the parties; b) that the victim was close to the accident at the time, and c) that the accident was directly perceived.[21] It is likely that Mandy will be able to establish all three given that Andy was her brother, although it will be more difficult for Muz to demonstrate that there was a close tie of love and affection. In addition, it will also have to be shown that the harm or damage caused was reasonably foreseeable, which again will be like ly to prove complex; Alcock v Chief Constable of Yorkshire[22]. In Page v Smith[23], nonetheless, the defendant was found liable even though the claimant was not physically hurt the car crash that was caused by the defendant. Therefore, it is possible that both Mandy and Muz will be able to establish a claim against TKG as shown in Dulieu v White[24]. If it is shown that the harm is too remote, however, they will not be able to establish a claim. Conclusion Overall, it is likely that TKG will be found liable for the damage that has been caused to Jennifer’s car, the death of Andy and the psychiatric injury caused to Mandy and Muz, unless they can demonstrate that the architects and structural engineers are to blame. It is unlikely that Rahim’s claim will succeed and instead he will be found criminally liable for the damage caused to the building. Damages fall into two categories, pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses. Pecuniary losses are calculated into monetary terms whereas non-pecuniary losses are not. However, whether or not damages will be awarded will be dependent upon the remoteness of the harm or damage that was caused Bibliography Finch, E. and Fafinski, S. (2010) Law Express: Tort Law, 3rd Edition, Longman. Kidner, R. (2010) Casebook on Torts, 11th Edition. The Law Commission., ‘Liability for Psychiatric Illness’ (1998) Law Com No 249, 2. Cases Alcock v Chief Constable of Yorkshire [1992] 1 AC 310 Bank of New Zealand v greenwood [1984] 1 NZLR 525 Blythe v Birmingham Waterworks (1856) 11 Exch 781 Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990 1 All ER 568 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Dorset Yacht Co Ltd v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 Glasgow Corp v Muir [1943] AC 448 Hedley Byrne co v Heller [1963] 3 WLR 101 Heaven v Pender (1883) 11 QBD 503  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] 2 WLR 684 Kirkham v Chief [1990] 2 KB 283 Linklaters Business Services v Sir Robert McAlpine [2010] EWHC 1145 (TCC) Page v Smith [1996] AC 155 Roper v Knott [1898] 1 QB 868 R v White (1910) 2 KB 124 Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd v Martin [1972] 3 WLR 502 The Oropesa [1943] 1 All ER 211 Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [1988] AC 1074

American Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Education - Assignment Example Eastern education is influenced more by spirituality and religion. On the other hand, Native American’s education is more focused on re-educating the students in the Western school of thought. The dominating culture of the West has been a primary focus on American’s education, thus, the culture of the natives are discouraged since the dominant culture believes that their education and knowledge is better or more inclined to the truth than the traditional ways of the natives. Though, there have been programs to re-establish the traditional concepts and schools of thought of the native, more inclined to a balance of nature and self (Demmert, 1994). Another striking difference in the education system of the West and the East is the structure. Eastern education is more teacher-centered, wherein the teacher has the ultimate authority in a classroom setting. Western education, on the other hand, is more student-centered and focus on class participation and interaction. Teacher-centered education gives high expectations and student-centered is more focused on the values that are imparted to its students (LePage and Sockett, 2002). This basically shows that a student-centered setting is more effective in the Western education since it is more focused on individualism and reason. However, the Eastern educational system has learned to strike a balance of these two in order to produce better and more productive

Advocacy Policy for African Americans with Diabetes Research Paper

Advocacy Policy for African Americans with Diabetes - Research Paper Example For this purpose, nurses can collaborate with the Senator and hospital administrators to tell them of their concerns. Provision 9 is about shaping a social policy. This code of ethics encourages nurses to work individually and together through political action to bring social reform (American Nurses Association, 2011). Incorporating these provisions in the policy for African Americans can help the nurses to shape healthcare within the US. This is because these provisions urge nurses to go out in the community and raise awareness about health-related sociocultural issues like poverty, homelessness, and abuse of human rights. Nurses should work both individually and collectively to achieve this end. Adherence to these provisions of the ANA code of ethics is in itself a powerful force to promote advocacy policy. Ethical dilemmas related to lobbying can arise during my advocacy campaign. The whole process of lobbying should be very transparent and there should be no corruption. An unethical practice related to lobbying occurs when policymakers are bribed in some way by those seeking to bring a change. This practice should not be allowed because it only lets those people win who have more power and resources. This ethical dilemma can be resolved by training all nurses to not encourage lawmakers to vote for their policy in a biased manner. However, not all ethical dilemmas are related to lobbying. For example, research has it that there are moral judgments which should be evaluated (Masse and Williams-Jones, 2012, p. 241). Many times people are blamed for having a certain disease due to making bad lifestyle choices by the lobbyists. The burden of responsibility for an illness should not be placed on patients when there a staggering amount of evidence suggests that â€Å"risk factors external to an individual’s control can have an enormous impact on his or her health† (Masse and Williams-Jones, 2012, p. 242). So, this ethical dilemma can be resolved

India's Contribution towards the British War Effort in World War I and Research Paper

India's Contribution towards the British War Effort in World War I and the Aftermath - Research Paper Example Since the Ottoman Empire sided with the German forces, the Ottoman army started attacking various strategic positions (oil depots, ports and locations military importance) in the Middle East. Moreover despite the neutral role of the Shah of Afghanistan, the Ottoman army influenced some of the local tribesmen on the Indian-Afghan border in the North-West of India to who started attacking the British forces and captured some of the land and supply routes. The British Army was a mixture of races from different dominions and colonies of the British Empire and the British Indian army was one of them. 2 regiments of the British Indian Army were permanently stationed in various other British colonies before the start of WWI but in WWI it played pivotal role on various frontiers in Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. The Indian Army mainly comprised of the lower Castes of Hindus; the untouchables, the Shudras (artisans, craftsmen and service providers) and the Vaishyas (agriculturis ts, cattle traders, merchants and bankers) and also in Muslims the Ajlafs (the local converts) and the Arzals. The Indian people were not trained to become high ranked officers in the army and only served as soldiers commonly known as Sepoys (derived from Persian word Sipahi meaning soldier). In World War I the Indian Army fought against the German Empire in German East Africa and on the Western Front. The Indians also served on various other frontiers in Egypt, Gallipoli. The most remarkable of the efforts by the Indian army was in Mesopotamia where nearly 700,000 soldiers served against the Ottoman Empire. In addition to these foreign expeditions the Indian Army also defended the British Indian Empire at the North Western frontier and also in the South East at Burmese border. The Largest Volunteer Army The British established their first cantonment in India in 1757 at Goa to fight against the French forces in India and it marked the beginning of the inductions of Indians to the Br itish Army. As the British invaded more and more land the Indian population in the army went on increasing and when in 1857 the Indian throne was brought under the British crown, the British Indian Army was formally established. The Sepoy mutiny of 1857 forced the British to limit the Indian inclusion in the army to lower rank soldiers and as a result mostly the lower castes joined the army. By 1914, the British Indian Army was the largest volunteer army in the world with a total strength of 240,000 men. The largest increase in the army happened during the WWI when the recruitment process was very fast and the Lower Caste Indians were more and more interested to join the army not only because of the incentives but also the sense of security for being in the British army was a big motivational force for a lower caste Indian who was treated in an inhumane manner. This large induction increased the number of Indians in the British army to almost 550,000 by November 1918. This large str ength also increased the importance of the British Indian Army which was called upon to deal with incursions and raids on the North West Frontier. Moreover the Indian army was also deployed in the British Empire in China, Singapore and Egypt. Events during the War 1. The Indian army was sent to Marseilles on 30th September 1914 as reinforcement to the British Expeditionary Force but the Indian army was not familiar to the local conditions and climate and was poorly equipped to resist weather. Moreover the uneducated, less-trained lower caste soldiers from India could not learn to operate the new war equipment. This force took part in the four major battles namely