Definition and Examples of Deep Structure in Grammar

In transformational and generative grammar, deep structure (also known as  deep grammar  or  D-structure)  is the underlying syntactic structure—or level—of a sentence. In contrast to surface structure (the outward form of a sentence), deep structure is an abstract representation that identifies the ways a sentence can be analyzed and interpreted. Deep structures are generated by phrase-structure rules, and surface structures are derived from deep structures by a series of transformations. According to  the Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar  (2014): Deep and surface structure are often used as terms in a simple binary opposition, with the deep structure representing meaning, and the surface structure being the actual sentence we see. The terms deep structure and surface structure were popularized in the 1960s and 70s by American linguist Noam Chomsky, who eventually discarded the concepts in his minimalist program in the 1990s.   Properties of Deep Structure Deep structure  is a level of syntactic representation with a number of properties that need not necessarily go together. Four important properties of deep structure are: Major grammatical relations, such as  subject  of  and  object  of, are defined at deep structure.All  lexical  insertion occurs at deep structure.All transformations occur after deep structure.Semantic  interpretation occurs at deep structure. The question of whether there is a single level of representation with these properties was the most debated question in  generative grammar  following the publication of  Aspects  [of the Theory of Syntax 1965]. One part of the debate focused on whether transformations preserve meaning. – Alan Garnham,  Psycholinguistics: Central Topics. Psychology Press, 1985 Examples and Observations [Noam] Chomsky had identified a basic grammatical structure in Syntactic Structures [1957] that he referred to as kernel sentences. Reflecting mentalese, kernel sentences were where words and meaning first appeared in the complex cognitive process that resulted in an utterance. In [Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, 1965], Chomsky abandoned the notion of kernel sentences and identified the underlying constituents of sentences as deep structure. The deep structure was versatile insofar as it accounted for meaning and provided the basis for transformations that turned deep structure into surface structure, which represented what we actually hear or read. Transformation rules, therefore, connected deep structure and surface structure, meaning and syntax. – James D. Williams, The Teachers Grammar Book. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999 [Deep structure is a] representation of the syntax of a sentence distinguished by varying criteria from its surface structure. E.g. in the surface structure of Children are hard to please, the subject is children and the infinitive to please is the complement of hard. But in its deep structure, as it was understood especially in the early 1970s, is hard would have as its subject a subordinate sentence in which children is the object of please: thus, in outline [please children] is hard. – P.H. Matthews, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2007 ​Evolving Perspectives on Deep Structure The remarkable first chapter of Noam Chomskys Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965) set the agenda for everything that has happened in generative linguistics since. Three theoretical pillars support the enterprise: mentalism, combinatoriality, and acquisition... A fourth major point of Aspects, and the one that attracted most attention from the wider public, concerned the notion of Deep Structure. A basic claim of the 1965 version of generative grammar was that in addition to the surface form of sentences (the form we hear), there is another level of syntactic structure, called Deep Structure, which expresses underlying syntactic regularities of sentences. For instance, a passive sentence like (1a) was claimed to have a Deep Structure in which the noun phrases are in the order of the corresponding active (1b): (1a) The bear was chased by the lion.(1b) The lion chased the bear. Similarly, a question such as (2a) was claimed to have a Deep Structure closely resembling that of the corresponding declarative (2b): (2a) Which martini did Harry drink?(2b) Harry drank that martini. ...Following a hypothesis first proposed by Katz and Postal (1964), Aspects made the striking claim that the relevant level of syntax for determining meaning is Deep Structure. In its weakest version, this claim was only that regularities of meaning are most directly encoded in Deep Structure, and this can be seen in (1) and (2). However, the claim was sometimes taken to imply much more: that Deep Structure is meaning, an interpretation that Chomsky did not at first discourage. And this was the part of generative linguistics that got everyone really excited—for if the techniques of transformational grammar could lead us to meaning, we would be in a position to uncover the nature of human thought... When the dust of the ensuing linguistic wars cleared around 1973 . . ., Chomsky had won (as usual)—but with a twist: he no longer claimed that Deep Structure was the sole level that determines meaning (Chomsky 1972). Then, with the battle over, he turned his attention, not to meaning, but to relatively technical constraints on movement transformations (e.g. Chomsky 1973, 1977). – Ray Jackendoff, Language, Consciousness, Culture: Essays on Mental Structure. MIT Press, 2007 Surface Structure and Deep Structure in a Sentence [Consider] the final sentence of [Joseph Conrads short story] The Secret Sharer: Walking to the taffrail, I was in time to make out, on the very edge of a darkness thrown by a towering black mass like the very gateway of Erebus—yes, I was in time to catch an evanescent glimpse of my white hat left behind to mark the spot where the secret sharer of my cabin and of my thoughts, as though he were my second self, had lowered himself into the water to take his punishment: a free man, a proud swimmer striking out for a new destiny. I hope others will agree that the sentence justly represents its author: that it portrays a mind energetically stretching to subdue a dazzling experience outside the self, in a way that has innumerable counterparts elsewhere. How does scrutiny of the deep structure support this intuition? First, notice a matter of emphasis, of rhetoric. The matrix sentence, which lends a surface form to the whole, is # S # I was in time # S # (repeated twice). The embedded sentences that complete it are I walked to the taffrail, I made out NP, and I caught NP. The point of departure, then, is the narrator himself: where he was, what he did, what he saw. But a glance at the deep structure will explain why one feels a quite different emphasis in the sentence as a whole: seven of the embedded sentences have sharer as grammatical subjects; in another three the subject is a noun linked to sharer by the copula; in two sharer is direct object; and in two more share is the verb. Thus thirteen sentences go to the semantic development of sharer as follows: The secret sharer had lowered the secret sharer into the water.The secret sharer took his punishment.The secret sharer swam.The secret sharer was a swimmer.The swimmer was proud.The swimmer struck out for a new destiny.The secret sharer was a man.The man was free.The secret sharer was my secret self.The secret sharer had (it).(Someone) punished the secret sharer.(Someone) shared my cabin.(Someone) shared my thoughts. In a fundamental way, the sentence is mainly about Leggatt, although the surface structure indicates otherwise... [The] progression in the deep structure rather precisely mirrors both the rhetorical movement of the sentence from the narrator to Leggatt via the hat that links them, and the thematic effect of the sentence, which is to transfer Leggatts experience to the narrator via the narrators vicarious and actual participation in it. Here I shall leave this abbreviated rhetorical analysis, with a cautionary word: I do not mean to suggest that only an examination of deep structure reveals Conrads skillful emphasis—on the contrary, such an examination supports and in a sense explains what any careful reader of the story notices. – Richard M. Ohmann, Literature as Sentences. College English, 1966. Reprinted in Essays in Stylistic Analysis, ed. by Howard S. Babb. Harcourt, 1972

Essay Geographic Factors that Influenced U.S Government...

Geographic factors often influence United States government actions, both foreign and domestic. Some of these factors include location, physical environment, movement of people, climate, and resources. Although these geographic factors can lead to increase in our countries land size and some positive outcomes, there are also chances for negative outcomes. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One action taken by the United States government that was influenced by geographic factors was the Louisiana Purchase. There were many historical circumstances that resulted in the government’s action. Louisiana was originally owned by the French until France sold it to the United States. Thomas Jefferson bought Louisiana in 1803. The influence of this†¦show more content†¦This led to the Missouri Compromise which made sure that when new states were added to the country, there was an equal amount of slave and free states. The purchase also increased trade with other nations because there were more useful resources and access to rivers and fertile land helped create necessary items to trade. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another action taken by the United States government that was influenced by geographic factors was the Interstate Highway Act. The causes of this act were from when soldiers came home from World War 2 and for people who wanted nice safe homes to live and raise families. The influence of this act led people to move to the suburbs. A lot of farmland was turned into housing. These houses and places to live were made to keep people safe and have a fun easy way of life where jobs were still available. This had major impacts on the United States. It led to a major increase in economy because a lot of consumerism was taking place. Places like malls were made and there was a big increase in demands for Televisions and cars. Especially cars because some people still had jobs in the city and everything wasn’t always in walking distance anymore. This also led to the white flight. The white flight was when a great amount of white people and families moved to the s uburbs to be away from minorities and to bring their children up in a better environment. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These actions taken by theShow MoreRelatedThe Scopes Trial Was Caused By Political Factors1800 Words   |  8 Pageshow the law favored those who acclaimed the bible. The conviction of John Scopes in the Scopes Trial was caused by political factors like the laws passed and the trial itself, the geographic factors such as the location also known as the Bible Belt and lastly the primary factor is social factors, such as religious beliefs. Politics influenced the conviction. Political factors include laws, the trial, and the court. 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Lymphedema Free Essays

Lymphoma Lymphoma is known as lymphatic obstruction, this condition can and will cause fluid retention and tissue swelling. This is caused by a compromised lymphatic system. The 1st incident of lymphoma noted on the records was by Sir William Osler for William Mildly, an American physician, who described a case in 1892, though It was first described by Rudolf Birch In 1863. We will write a custom essay sample on Lymphedema or any similar topic only for you Order Now It Is also known as Mildly disease, None-Mildly-Image syndrome and hereditary lymphoma. In later years any other causes were found such as cancer surgery where nodes were removed resulting In the term secondary lymphoma. In the last few years with genetic testing we have found mixed deemed such as the person who has the genetic tendency for lymphoma but didn’t have It In childhood but who had trauma or surgery and developed It later In life, which Is a primary lymphoma patient with secondary causes Lymphoma Is something I have come well familiar with due to my boyfriend has primary Allemande. He was diagnosed -In 2007 but for 4 years no one knows what was wrong with him. Now that he has been diagnosed we are working to control the fluid and the growth. With his condition it has affected his left leg. This condition has changed his whole life. He had to change his diet, clothing, his fluid intake, travel and even his soap. This is a condition that he may have to live with the rest of his life. I say may b/c I believe there will be a cure or if not a cure and plan to protect this condition from taking over the body the way it does. With having Lymphoma you need to do therapy at least 3-5 days a week depends on what your Doctor puts you on. Therapy consist of massaging the lymph nodes starting from the neck to the shoulders to under the breast to the armpit down to the waist to groin to the inner to outside portion of the thighs and work your way down to the knee to the ankle. The progress is repeated starting from the ankle to the neck once you complete one side if the body you will start on the other side. Once the massage is complete for the whole body is now time to wrap the affected portion of the body (the leg) with bandages. The bandages are applied to retain reduction. There are efferent types are bandages one type is foam which works better for my boyfriend so he can bend is leg. When you are wrapped you are constricted to movement. I do believe with all the research taking place now there will be a cure or an evolution In the development or care and medicine. Thankful all for you time If you have any questions I will answer to the best of my ability and I also have websites and some brochures about the condition though it was first described by Rudolf Birch in 1863. It is also known as Mildly resulting in the term secondary lymphoma. In the last few years with genetic tendency for lymphoma but didn’t have it in childhood but who had trauma or surgery and developed it later in life, which is a primary lymphoma patient with secondary causes Lymphoma is something I have come well familiar with due to my boyfriend has primary Lymphatic. He was diagnosed -in 2007 but for 4 years believe with all the research taking place now there will be a cure or an evolution in Thank you all for you time if you have any questions I will answer to the best of my ability and I also have websites and some brochures about the condition How to cite Lymphedema, Papers

Handover Different Services Are Involved †Myassignmemthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Handover Different Services Are Involved? Answer: Introducation Building construction services are key to all manner of building works and the church is no different. From the design period to the handover, different services are involved. These services are key and crucial to attaining the aim and goal of the project. Projections are usually met with the satisfaction of the different services being met while the work is under progress. Additionally, for the building to function well, some of key services must be in cooperate during the construction period (Hall Greeno, 2015). The services involved in the design and construction period have for a long proved critical in meeting the needs of the building construction. The building services are critical in achieving the major objective of the projects. There are specific which will be associated with the certain projects. This is the same with the church construction, which will be the major focus in this paper. This paper will analyze different building services which need t be in cooperated in t he construction of a church project. This paper will add details on the reasons which support the use if these services. Building and accommodating services are able to enhance the implementation of the projects. The church project under consideration as well will have key building services as well as accommodating services, which will enhance the meeting of different goals of the project. Design and construction period are critical when executing projects and they are able to accompany key services, which enhance project implementation (Tomioka Kawai, 2012). The different services to any building must be able to conform to the laid rules and regulations. The National Construction Code and BCA are able to offer the guidelines and strategies on which these services will be provided (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). This paper will analyze the need for these services and analyze them in accordance with the rules and regulations in Australian rules and regulations. Each regulat ion is able to define the different ways on which these services have to be delivered at different projects so that they meet the safety and health standards. The church is under assembly classification of the building. This means that different people will be able to access the building. The classification means that design in both architectural and structural designs are able to depend on the building type. Architectural services are key for any project (Minkler, 2012). These are the first services, which are needed before the design, and construction of the project starts. The architectural services are able to outline the nature of the project and the final output of the project. These services are presented to the client to analyze the aesthetic factors of the building. The architectural services will be able to show the alignment of the church building and the final outlook of the church. This is a key factor for the design of the church to consider the output of the project (Allen Iano, 2014). The architectural services will enhance the design team to have a clear understanding of the design boundaries and parameters for the design . The architectural services are critical in definition of the boundary and size of the church. The use of these services will define the aesthetic factors of the church and design like. Design team will use the architectural services output to design the different members of the church project. The new church location and boundaries, it size and design structure will be all defined in the architectural services. This makes the services important during the design period and therefore can be included as part of the design services to be offered. In addition, these services are critical during the construction period and they help to elaborate different ideas, which were presented before (Cowdery, 2007). The design team will rely on the architectural services to make key design designs (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). This is because these services will guide them on the design looks of the church building. Different elements will be defined on the architectural services and there these will be key services to be included on this case study. In addition, structural provisions must be met in accordance to part B1. This has to ensure that the structural elements are able to enhance the safety of the building. The buildings have to meet the elements to ensure that the buildings do not collapse (Australia. 1990). The structural service and provisions must be provided to ensure that the building meets the requirements to ensure the building is able to withstand the different needs. In addition, the structural elements are able to enhance the safety and risks against some key factors such as the fire resistance. Structural reliability must be met in the design and ensuring that the structural needs is met. This ensures that the services provided are able to ensure that the structural reliability and services are of high quality. Resistance to actions must be met in the process of provision of these structural services (Chudley Greeno, 2013, Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). In addition, qualified design team must be abl e to meet the required standards and ensure that the structure meets the relevant needs. The services are able to include different services such as the masonry and concreting casting services. These must ensure that the building is able to meet the required standards in design stage. Decoration services are other key services, which will be needed on the church project. The church decoration is essential to bring out the church message and aesthetic factor. The decoration of the church is usually different since they have to present a key message, which different people will have to associate with the church environment (Faber, 2016). The decoration in church environment is done to pass some key message to people and therefore the services are critical. The decoration team must present the decorations, which are associated with the church environment and bear the correct message to the people. The decoration services are therefore key to ensure the congregations are able to get the best message once the project is complete. The church decor services prove important due to the uniqueness of the decoration, which has to be carried out on the building (Mallory-Hill, Preiser Watson, 2012). These services will align with the architectural services to ensure that the correct messages are placed on the designed location. In addition, these services are able to increase the aesthetic looks of the church. The decoration services will help people to define the church building. Outward decoration will be able to pass the message on the type of facility, which is on that location. Drainage works and services will be key to ensure that different wastes and unwanted water wastes are directed in the proper direction. These services will define the location where these wastes will be directed such as the storm water from the roof location (Kotter, 2014). Additionally, these services will define the line location of the pipe to ensure that people do not interfere with its flow and damage (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). Considering the kitchen and toilet locations within the church building, it is important to have a sewer line, which will connect with the main sewer or have a place where the sewage will be deposited. The storm water from the roof and the wastewater from the kitchen and bathroom need to be collected and directed to a location for either treatment or disposal. These services will ensure that the health of the environment is maintained at a high level and thus enhancing cleanness (Haddad, 2012). The line for the server need to be maintained o ut of the pathways and this is a decision, which the drainage team will make while providing the services. Additionally, these services have to be superior to ensure blockage does not happen. The services have to ensure foul smell does not move back to the building location and therefore proper design of the drainage system is needed. The services will therefore be able ensure the comfortability of the people within the location is achieved with proper drainage services. The services will ensure that different wastes are able to move in a better line and disposal is maintained well. Therefore, these services will be essential at this environment and ensure that they enhance the environment (Building services handbook, 2001). Manholes will be enhanced to ensure inspection of the sewer line is enhance at different times to ensure blockages are solved at the right time. In cooperating these services will ensure that the cleanness of the church are is well maintained and thus sewage does not spill anyhow on the church location. Disposal pit will be necessary and these services will be able to provide such area considering wind flow and safety measures for the disposal. The Building Constructed Code is able to define that these services will be able to enhance the health and safety of the environment considering the sm ell and safety. Termite risk management services must be provided on this project. This will ensure that the building is safe against the termite attack. The attacks are able to weakness the building stability and therefore they should be able to withstand these attacks. Part B1.4 is able to give the specification on when the services need to be provided and the stage at which they need to provided (Tri Harso Karyono, Vale Vale, 2017). This clause is able to enhance the building stability at the different levels. Different structure components must be able to be safe against the termite attack. This will ensure that the elements are met and the level of termite management services is well provided. The services will enhance the durability of the structure and enhance the safety of the building. The termite management services are able to enhance the safety of the structure (Preiser, Hardy Wilhelm, 2017). This gives the occupants confident that the building will stay for long and meet the design li fe. This will key services, which will be needed on the building to enhance it operation. In addition, these services will be able to reduce the cost factor of the buildings. The cost management will be enhanced and therefore management of the building. Fire resistance services are also required on the section. Any building which people are required require strategies on the way people will be safer in terms of fire strategy (Curtin, 2002). These services will be able to provide an exit plan in case of fire in the building. According to part C of the NCC part one, Protection opening need to be provided on the buildings. This will enhance the proper mechanism to fight fire in case of it happening. Construction exits are always required on the building to enhance an exist plan (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). Considering different access to people, a well planned exist plan with exit places need to be provided. This need to be provided on different sections to enhance the exit of the people. The section D of the NCC requires that the exit plan to enhance the exit of the people from the building (Washington Mealiff, 2013). Escape plan has to enhance the people exit from the building under these conditions. Section D part D2 is able to offer the requirement for the services on exit to be provided. It requires exit parts to be provided on the building on different parts. This will enhance the people to leave the building when different incidents happen and enhance their safety. In addition, as part of building which the building has access to many people, different people must be enhanced to access the building. People with disability access must be provided with different access avenues to the building. This means a rump may be created to enhance their access where several staircase landings may be available in front of the church. Fire fighting to the building should also be included (Wilkinson, Remy Langston, 2014). These services have to be included to ensure control on the damage on the properties in the church building. Part E of the section 1 of the NCC is able to provide the provision under which these utilities and services to the buildings. The church requires a strategy on which the fire will b e dealt with in case it happens. Fire fighting equipment need to be strategically located at different locations on the church to enhance the safety of the occupants. Electric supply system services are key to ensure that the different electric connections are done to the standards. The electric service will key to ensure that different devices on the church location are connected. The operation of the church building will need services since the audibility of the church will be enhanced (Cremers, 2016). This will ensure operations of the church are well maintained. Part C2.13 of the NCC is able to offer the guidelines which will ensure that the services are well provided. The electric line near the church will be key area which the services can be retrieved from. In addition, the old church electric line can also be used to provide the electric services to the new building to enhance the lighting and operation. The services will be key to ensure security of the environment as well (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). The services will be able to enhance the operation of the elements and supporting the operations of the church building. Lighting and ventilation services are key to the church premises. This is a structure which will have access to many people and different activities which may raise the room temperature may be expected. This means that the room should be well ventilated and enough light be able to access the location (Mccabe Kennedy, 2003). Under section F, part F4, the room should be ventilated according to use. In this case, the church should be able to enhance well ventilated area to boost their temperature. Under the same section F, sound systems need to provide equality in sound transmission on the room. Part J5 also offer provisions on the ventilation of the room sections. This offers the good light to the area as well as the air access in the area. The church environment is likely to provide the sounding systems to enhance the audibility on the area. The transmission should ensure the sound is audible to the users and does not become disturbances to others outside the room. This will require proper insulation to ensure noise to outside is prevented and the section F part F5 is able to provide provisions on the insulation and sound transmission. In addition, fire safety is also addressed on Volume 2 of the NCC part 3.7 (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). Under this section, smoke alarms should be provided to ensure that the alerting mechanism is enhanced. This ensures that warnings on the sections are provided on the section to enhance the escaping root (Carey Barr, 2015). The fire evacuation services therefore need to be enhanced and the smoke alarms are key part of the services. Air conditioning is also key to the building. These services has to be provided according to AS/NZS 1668.1. The provision guidelines are defined on part C3.15 of the NCC. This part gives the guidelines on the way the ventilation should be provided. This enhances the operation of the room and ensure that air circulation is maintained at a higher level. The air conditioning will ensure that the room temperature is maintained on the room section. This will be a key parameter which is needs on a gathering location like the church. Water services to any building are key. In this project, the washroom, kitchen and the bathroom will need to be connected to the water services to enhance their functionality. The use of water on this church project will be essential and therefore the building will need to be connected to such services (Moran, 2017). Volume three section B stipulated on different categories of water which should be connected to the building. The bathroom section may require connection to hot water and cold water systems. In addition, non-drinking water may be connected to the toilet and the bathroom sections. This may not happen to the section which will require clean water for the kitchen services (Victoria, 2008). The church considering the presence of the different people accessing will require a water point where people can access clean water to quencher their thirst. Therefore use of water on this project and case study will be inevitable and therefore increasing the need for these services. The refore proper analysis shows that the water services under the NCC Volume three will be essential and crucial (Moran, 2017). The congregation, which will be able to meet on this environment, will require water and therefore increasing the need of such services. In addition, firefighting water equipment can also be used to enhance the security of the location from incidents such as fire. Water points under pressure may therefore be provided to enhance the fire fighting (Australian Building Codes Board, 2016). The water team will therefore need to provide such services to the location. The high-pressure water point will be able to enhance the firefighting mechanisms on the location. Therefore, it will be key to ensure that these services are provided on this case study. It will help to provide water for usage and other services on the location. In conclusion, building services and accommodating service are critical in any king of building structure. These services are able to enhance the operation of the building. The NCC and BCA are able to give key guidelines on the way these services will be provided. In addition, these services are required to meet specific levels of test so that they can be able to be installed on such building. In the church structure case study, it is clear that different services must be installed and provided to ensure proper operations. For instance, the sewage and storm water disposal must be enhance in the area to maintain safety and proper health. In addition, electric services and air-conditioning must be as well be provided on such locations. Moreover, access services have to be enhanced in some locations to enhance access to all people. Additionally water services are also required on this building structure. Different amenities on this building will required enhancing their operation. Fire amenities and services as well as exit plan for the fire will also be critical services, which will be required on this building structure. These amenities and services will have different effects when they are not provided and therefore will be critical to be provided on this structure. References (2001). Building services handbook. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Allen, E., Iano, J. (2014). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Canada. (1970). NCC. [Ottawa], The Commission. Carey, H. M., Barr, C. (2015). Religion and greater Ireland: Christianity and Irish global networks, 1750-1950. Chudley, R., Greeno, R. (2013). Building construction handbook. London, Routledge. Clohesy, M. (2016). Nowhere to sleep: providing youth accommodation services. Cowdery, J. R. (2007). Building on student diversity: profiles and activities. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. Cremers, J. (2016). Building openings construction manual: windows, vents, exterior doors. Cropley, D. (2015). 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Community organizing and community building for health and welfare. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press. Moran, A. (2017). The public life of Australian multiculturalism: building a diverse nation. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=1341450. Preiser, W. F. E., Hardy, A., Wilhelm, J. J. (2017). Adaptive Architecture: Changing Parameters and Practice. https://www.tandfebooks.com/isbn/9781315627113. Tomioka, T., Kawai, L. H. (2012). Building waves. Champaign, IL, Dalkey Archive Press. Tri Harso Karyono, Vale, R., Vale, B. (2017). Sustainable building and built environments to mitigate climate change in the tropics: conceptual and practical approaches. Cham, Springer. Victoria. (2008). Victorian government office building standards 2008. Melbourne, Government Services Group, Dept. of Treasury and Finance. https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/CA25713E0002EF43/WebObj/VictorianGovernmentOfficeBuildingStandards2008/$File/Victorian%20Government%20Office%20Building%20Standards%202008.pdf. Washington, B. T., Mealiff, T. (2013). Character building. New Brunswick, N.J., Transaction Publishers. Wilkinson, S., Remy, H. T., Langston, C. A. (2014). Sustainable building adaptation: innovations in decision-making.